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ca. 1600 | Lipan Apaches enter Texas from Great Plains;
claim area around San Antonio as homeland and
call it “Many Houses;” Lipans develop a tribal
identity−Lipan means “Light Gray People.”
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ca. 1650 | Lipans develop a trade route to the Pecos Pueblo
by following Rio Grande upriver to the Pecos.
Lipans call Pecos Pueblo “White House.”
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ca. 1670 | In response to severe drought, Lipan tribe
splits into 2 divisions: Plains Lipans (who
move into upper Colorado River region) & Forest
Lipans (who return to San Antonio area). Plains
Lipans acquire horses from Jumanos and pueblos
of New Mexico. Forest Lipans acquire horses from
pueblo of La Junta (Presidio, TX).
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1674 | Mission San Ildefonso de la Paz founded on Rio
Escondido of Coahuila near later site of villa
of Zaragosa. San Ildefonso soon abandoned.
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1700 | Comanches enter Texas and begin to contest the
Plains Lipans for control of the high plains of
Texas.
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1703 | Mission San Francisco Solano revived on site of
older San Ildefonso mission (Coahuila).
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1708 | San Francisco Solano moved to the Rio Grande.
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1716 | Presidio San Antonio de Béxar and small church
founded at San Pedro Springs (Texas) but both
burn down within 2 years.
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May 1718 | Béxar presidio moved to a site west of the San
Antonio River. The Solano mission on the Rio
Grande is dismantled and moved to the San
Antonio River; renamed Mission San Antonio de
Valero.
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1715−1720 | Comanches and Lipans fight epic 9-day battle in
Red River Basin. Lipan corpses are “left in
piles like leaves.”
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1720−1725 | Lipans begin sporadic raids against San Antonio;
horse thefts escalate- up to ¼ of presidio’s
saddle horse herd stolen at one time. Presidio
troops begin retaliatory military campaigns.
Nicholas Flores y Valdez follows Lipan horse
thieves to Brazos River, attacks a ranchería,
captures Lipan prisoners and recovering horses.
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1726−1730 | All quiet at San Antonio; no raids.
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1730 | 56 Canary Island settlers arrive at San Antonio;
are offered land west of presidio but deem area
too exposed to Lipan raids. Settle between
presidio and mission. Found villa of San
Fernando de Béxar.
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1730 | Lipan Apaches declare war on San Antonio;
attacks escalate on anyone who ventures out of
villa.
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1731 | On Sept. 18th, over 500 Lipan warriors ambush and
attack 20 Spanish troops. Just when Spaniards
think the end is near, Lipans break off attack.
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1745 | On the night of June 30th, over 300 Lipans attack
the Béxar presidio, setting fire to many
buildings; when soldiers fire guns, Lipans break
off and run down side streets seeking to attack
from another direction; the Apache attackers are
run off by a large body of mission Indians.
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1749 | The Lipan Apaches and Spanish at San Antonio
celebrate a grand peace; Apache hostages are
released and a large pit dug in Military Plaza.
A live horse, war club, arrows and lance are
placed in the pit and covered with dirt to
signify the end of a state of warfare.
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1750 | Smallpox breaks out in Lipan camps along
Guadalupe River. Lipans are convinced that
epidemic was caused by mission clothing worn by
newly-released hostages. Lipans move their camps
to upper Nueces River. Lipans establish stolen-
horses-for-guns trade with east Texas tribes.
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1751 | A large group of Lipan traditionalists who wish
no contact with Spanish other than raiding, and
led by Bigotes (Whiskers or Mustached One),
break away and cross the Rio Grande into
Coahuila. This break-away group calls itself
Kuné tsa (Big Water People) and camps along Rio
Escondido and Rio San Rodrigo (Coahuila).
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1753 | On Feb. 1st, villa of San Fernando de Austria is
founded on Rio Escondido (Coahuila); first
settlers come from families of San Juan Bautista
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1754 | First mission dedicated to converting the Lipan
is founded at the site of the old mission of San
Ildefonso (Rio Escondido, Coahuila) on Dec. 21st.
Mission San Lorenzo lasts one year; during night
of Oct. 4, 1755, Lipans revolt, burn mission and
ride away.
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1757 | Second Lipan mission established on San Saba
River of Texas near Menard. Mission San Sabá
is burned down in 1758 during an attack by
Comanches and Wichitas.
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1761 | Third Lipan mission is founded on upper Nueces
near Camp Wood, Texas- San Lorenzo de la Santa
Cruz. A second small mission is founded several
miles south near Montell, Texas- Nuestra Señora
de la Candelaría; both missions abandoned by
Lipans within 4 years.
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1763 | In March, Lipans attack villa of San Fernando de
Austria (Coahuila), entering town by a ruse; 7
settlers killed, 40 horses stolen.
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1780 | Terrible smallpox epidemic ravages Lipan camps
in Texas and then spreads to camps in Coahuila.
so many Lipans die that priests a la Bahía fear
the numerous corpses will cause other disease.
Lipan shamans, seeking an herbal cure for small-
pox, adapt the use of peyote from Carrizo
Indians.
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1760−1800 | Lipan Apaches raid intensely in south Texas,
Coahuila and Nuevo Leon. A series of military
campaigns fail to “tame” them until 1800.
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1814 | Lipan Apaches fight along side rebels fighting
for Mexican independence at Battle of Medina.
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1827 | Villa of San Fernando de Austria changes name to
San Francisco de Rosas.
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1836 | Lipans watch Battle of Alamo unfold and want to
assist Alamo defenders. Lipan proposed aid is
based on friendship with Hispanic Tejano
defenders, not on ties with Bowie and Travis,
and dates back to Royalist-Republican battles of
1814, particularly the Battle of Medina.
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1840−1880 | Lipans from both sides of Rio Grande raid in
Texas and drive stolen stock into Mexico to
sell in border towns.
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1850 | Villa of San Fernando de Rosas changes name to
Zaragosa (Coahuila).
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1850 | Zaragosa “adopts” the Lipan Apaches, offering
them a settlement area at Hacienda Patiño. Villa
of Musquiz (Coahuila) “adopts” Kickapoo, who had
crossed into Mexico ca. 1850. Lipans and
Kickapoo begin to fight each other in Coahuila.
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1850 | Smallpox epidemic in Texas drives many Texas
Lipans into Mexico or New Mexico.
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1869 | Mexican troops from Monterrey brought to
Zaragosa to eliminate Lipan Apaches, who are
blamed for causing trouble. Troops attack many
Lipan camps; survivors flee to the Mescaleros in
New Mexico.
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1873 | US Army commander Ranald Mackenzie crosses Rio
Grande with his troops and attacks Lipan camps
at El Remolino (Coahuila).
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1872−1875 | US Army in New Mexico begins to force Mescalero
Apaches and some Lipan Apaches onto a
reservation in New Mexico.
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1875−1876 | US Army troops undertake joint military
campaigns with Mexican Army to eliminate Lipans
from Coahuila.
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1881 | Large campaign by Mexican Army’s Diaz division
(assisted by US troops) runs all Lipans out of
Coahuila and into Chihuahua State.
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1884 | A small number of Texas Lipans are transferred
to a reservation in Oklahoma (Oakland Agency).
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1903 | About 30 Lipans are redeemed from a cattle pen
in Chihuahua City, Chihuahua (where they were
held as prisoners). This group is brought to New
Mexico.
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